Introduction
The parathyroid gland plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis through parathyroid hormone (PTH). Dysregulation of PTH leads to hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia, causing metabolic disturbances.
Functions of the Parathyroid Gland
- Secretes PTH, which regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism.
- Increases bone resorption, renal calcium reabsorption, and intestinal calcium absorption.
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
1. Hyperparathyroidism (Excess PTH)
- Primary: Due to parathyroid adenoma → Hypercalcemia, kidney stones, osteoporosis.
- Secondary: Chronic kidney disease → Increased PTH due to low calcium.
- Tertiary: Long-term secondary hyperparathyroidism → Parathyroid hyperplasia.
Treatment:
- Surgery (Parathyroidectomy) for primary hyperparathyroidism.
- Vitamin D and calcium supplements for secondary hyperparathyroidism.
2. Hypoparathyroidism (Low PTH)
- Causes: Post-surgical, autoimmune, or genetic disorders.
- Symptoms: Tetany, muscle cramps, Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s sign.
- Treatment: Calcium and vitamin D supplements.
Conclusion
Parathyroid disorders significantly affect calcium balance and require early diagnosis. These MBBS notes provide a structured approach to understanding calcium metabolism.
