Introduction
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by low bone mass and increased fragility, often due to hormonal imbalances.
Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis
- Estrogen Deficiency: Increases osteoclast activity (postmenopausal osteoporosis).
- Hyperparathyroidism: Excess PTH → Bone resorption → Weak bones.
- Vitamin D Deficiency: Reduces calcium absorption, worsening bone loss.
Diagnosis
- DEXA scan (Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry): T-score < -2.5 confirms osteoporosis.
- Serum Calcium, PTH, Vitamin D levels for secondary causes.
Management
- Lifestyle Modifications: Weight-bearing exercises, calcium-rich diet.
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Pharmacological Treatment:
- Bisphosphonates (Alendronate, Zoledronate) – Inhibits bone resorption.
- Denosumab (RANKL inhibitor) – Prevents osteoclast activity.
- Teriparatide (PTH analog) – Stimulates bone formation.
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): For postmenopausal women.
Conclusion
Early screening and preventive measures reduce osteoporosis risk. These MBBS notes provide a comprehensive guide for medical students.
